Uses and Abuses of Biochip Technology - 1704 Words

Topic: Biochip Technology; Uses and Abuses Working Hypothesis: What is the correlation between the prophecy of the mark of the beast, and current trends in biochip technology? Intro/Thesis statement: Technology is chipping away at our personal freedoms. In the New Testament, Revelations 13 warns He also forced everyone, small and great, rich and poor, free and slave, to receive a mark on his right hand or forehead, so that no one could buy or sell unless he had the mark, which is the name of the Beast or the number of his name.... Bible scholars fear that this passage reflects the modern world, and its use of numbers for authentic identification. Imagine the potential of a computer chip to help or hinder the†¦show more content†¦Applied Digital Solutions, based in Delray Beach, Fla., said that its devices which it calls VeriChips, could save lives and limit injuries from error in medical treatment. And it expressed hope that such medical uses would accelerate the acceptance of under-the-skin ID chips as security and access-control devices. Feder and Zeller capture the various topics, which trail the current growth in biochip applications. Some financial details a re listed. International acceptance and usage of the biochip are also briefed upon. This is a powerful article, because the average reader may not know how to acquire information about advancing technologies. Garfinkel, Simson. Database Nation(the Death of Privacy in the 21st Century). OReilly Associates, Inc. Beijing, 2000. 1st ed. Net Library. Manhattanville Coll. Lib., Purchase, NY. 28, Nov. 2004 http://www.netlibrary.com Database Nation illustrates current trends central to the technology sector of society. By addressing the role of the government and its correlation with technology, the concept of privacy is thoroughly examined. It is written with the intention of reminding the audience, technology will continue to violate the right to privacy. The more informed the individual, the better chance one has to understand, and address the hazards of technology. This book was first published in 2000, with the intentions of informing the general public of the role that governmentShow MoreRelatedAnimal Experimentation Essay1307 Words   |  6 Pagesnoteworthy medical advancements, such as the polio vaccine, insulin for diabetes, and antibiotics for pneumonia, have been said to have not been possible without the use of animals (Hurley n. pag). However, this alone does not prove that animal testing is essential for human health. Many other significant progressions were made without the use of animals, including the discovery of penicillin, development of the x-ray, and the espial that a high level of cholesterol can lead to heart disease (Animal TestingRead MoreThe Argument Against Transhumanism : Religion1469 Words   |  6 Pageschemical attributes but a social context that is nurturing.† (Koch 693) Essentially, the technology we develop can drastically improve our capabilities but that will amount to nothing if we do not use them for the greater good. There is no point in boasting about the possible future without first compelling people to utilize their enhanced capabilities for their fellow man. Going further, the capacity to use the new power they possess for evil, for hurting their fellow humans, is an extremely concerning

Beethoven and Tchaikovsky - 2680 Words

Beethoven and Tchaikovsky While Ludwig van Beethoven and Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky have much in common, they also have many differences. Both men are famous for their orchestral compositions and their future influence on other composers. They experienced a blend of horrible failures and great successes. Although they were from different musical time periods, they both made huge contributions to the world of music. Ludwig van Beethoven was born in Bonn, Germany 1770; the second half of the classical period. After the death of his grandfather, who was also named Ludwig van Beethoven, the family was on a downward slope financially. As far as physical appearances are concerned, young Beethoven looked much like his grandfather. Beethoven was†¦show more content†¦Perhaps I shall get better, perhaps not; I am ready. 1819 is the year in which his hearing was thoroughly depleted. He could no longer play the piano virtuously and had to communicate by text. As a result, he spent a majority of his time composing. Beethoven would sketch out his compositions in a book. These books have been maintained and it is evident that he would work on several pieces at once. During this time, his compositions ranged from simple melodies to more elaborate and edited works. In 1804 Beethoven completed his Third Symphony. This piece was originally a tribute to Napoleon Bonaparte, but when Beethoven found that Napoleon was proclaimed an emperor he deleted the dedication. At this point in his life, Beethoven seriously considered marriage. His first love was for a woman named Giulietta Guicciardi. When this relationship eventually broke, he sought the hand of Giulietta’s cousin, Josephine. The bond between them broke and the engagement was ended. Beethoven’s final attempt with a woman was with his doctorà ¢â‚¬â„¢s daughter, Therese Malfatti. As is expected, this relationship also failed and Beethoven reached the final part of his life as a bachelor. The rate and quality of his compositions slowed and he became more and more isolated. Another depressing and negative event in Beethoven’s life took place in 1815. His brother died. Caspar Anton Carl left behind a son and a widow and instructedShow MoreRelatedMozart s Symphonies Were More Single And Special1308 Words   |  6 Pagesyoung colleague in Vienna, Beethoven. With rather few exceptions Beethoven wrote for the Classical ORCHESTRA that had served Haydn and Mozart since around 1780, with pairs of woodwind, horns and trum- pets, timpani and strings. But the sound was new fuller and richer and larger in its harmonic implications, suggesting development over a longer span and calling for grand extensions of the coda to provide suitable closing weight. In the ‘Eroica’ (No.3, 1803–4) Beethoven created an open ing movementRead MoreThe San Diego Symphony Hall2612 Words   |  11 Pagesat the Jacobs Music Center’s Copley Symphony Hall and featured works from Ludwig Van Beethoven, Serge Prokofiev, and Piotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky. The conductor for the performance was Jahja Ling, and Vadym Kholodenko performed on the piano (Bromberger, 2014, p. 13). Born approximately on December 16, 1770, in Bonn, located in the Electorate of Cologne, a principality of the Holy Roman Empire, Ludwig Van Beethoven was a composer and pianist, and is arguably the greatest composer of all time. UncertainRead MorePeter Tchaikovsky Essay722 Words   |  3 PagesPeter Illyich Tchaikovsky is one of the most famous Russian composers. Born in May 7, 1840 in Votkinsk, Tchaikovsky was the second son of a mining engineer. His musical interests were supported by his parents and he was given piano lessons at the age of five. Three years later, the family moved from Votkinsk to Moscow to St. Petersburg due to the fathers unsteady jobs. The move proved to be a significant milestone in Tchaikovskys life; it had set the course for Tchaikovskys progress into theRead MoreMonteverdi, Vivaldi, Pachelbel, And Handel1708 Words   |  7 Pagesanother famous composer; Ludwig van Beethoven. They both wanted to prove who the better composer was during their period of music. Hummel married Elisabeth Rockel, who was a German soprano singer, together they had two children, and then, Hummel died on May 31, 1809, in Vienna. In the Romantic Period, which lasted from 1785-1900, some composers were Beethoven, Carulli, and Tchaikovsky. There, of course, are much more as these are just three composers. Ludwig Van Beethoven was one of the biggest RomanticRead MoreMusic, The Orchestra, And The Romantic Symphony973 Words   |  4 Pagesthe kings and queens of Italian and French churches. They used string instruments to perform at dance parties, ballet, and operas. This is fascinating that the orchestra music goes back as far as the late 6th century. I could see how Beethoven, Smetana, Tchaikovsky and among other have made amazing orchestral music and how they were influenced by it. When the orchestra is playing it could have 10 or more instruments. During class, I learn that when we talk about the orchestra it usually means a symphonyRead MoreI Visit My Old High School For Their Annual Spring Musical1228 Words   |  5 Pages On March 10, 2016, I visited my old high school for their annual spring musica l which includes the band and orchestra. The orchestra generally played 4 pieces Symphony No. 5 by Beethoven, Symphony No. 9 by Beethoven, Beethoven Symphony No.6, and Tchaikovsky No.6. The orchestra would also be playing other various musical selections for private judges only. The school orchestra was conducted by Sasha Brown who is also a former member of the philharmonic orchestra. Mrs. Brown also helps assessRead MorePeter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Essay1238 Words   |  5 PagesPeter Ilyich Tchaikovsky Peter Ilyich Tchaikovsky is the author of six symphonies and the finest and most popular operas in the Russian repertory. Tchaikovsky was also one of the founders of the school of Russian music. He was a brilliant composer with a creative imagination that helped his career throughout many years. He was completely attached to his art. His life and art were inseparably woven together. I literally cannot live without working, Tchaikovsky once wrote, for as soonRead MoreAnalysis Of Swan Lake And The Nutcracker 1698 Words   |  7 Pagesof the music were additionally differing, numerous organizations having been composed for the stage, writers. For example, Subside Ilyich Tchaikovsky who is in charge of the momentous musical syntheses of Swan Lake and The Nutcracker composed his music for Ballet in a style which was dazzling and charming, as well as recounted a story. Tchaikovsky was not by any means the only arranger to do this, Richard Wagner who was a writer of Opera s additionally composed his music in a styleRead MoreThe Similarities Between Beethoven And Rachmaninoff2001 Words   |  9 PagesLudwig van Beethoven was a German musician known as one of the few who had a strong influence on classical music. For many, Beethoven is considered the predominant musical composer who formed the bridge between the classical and romantic era. This gave way to romantic composers such as Sergei Rachmaninoff, who is considered one of Russia s finest pianist and romantic composers. Some people may argue that the musical talents of Beethoven cannot be compared to other composers, however, when you compareRead More Violin Essay 1042 Words   |  5 PagesViolin Music and art, the feelings that go through a person while the music of Mozart and Beethoven are playing, are indescribable. Listening to music can take a person away to a different era. Music like Mozart or Beethoven can really take a persons imagination soaring in a whole new perspective. Composers throughout the novel, Violin were Beethoven, Mozart, and Tchaikovsky. Violin was a truly fabulous name for this story. It contains many fantastic elements as well as realistic elements;

Current Health Issues in International - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theCurrent Health Issues in an International Context. Answer: Work, Unemployment, Employment amongst Young Indonesian Women The social changes being witness in Asian states are huge. They have been found to have significant changes on the health status of women in Indonesia, (Langer et aal., 2015) . Women in Indonesia are underrepresented in the labour work force in that according to 2015 data in reference with ILO report, indicates that labour force was 127.87 million, of which 46 million were for female while 75 million were dominated by men, while the participation rate was 62.6 % of which female gender utilised 50.22 % while men utilised 83.05 %, (Mee, 2015). Open unemployment rate in Indonesia has had more pouncing effect on the livelihoods of women. The gender dynamics remain to be entirely segregated in Indonesia living the larger proportion of women jobless. Data suggest that open employment rate is much higher than that of women. Social Capital Effects on Health These trends in employment and non employment have significant impact on the social capital changes which have significant impact on the mental and physical health of women in Indonesia, (Lee Wie, 2015). ). Social capital has major impacts on the utilisation of health services am, long women in Indonesia. The different measure on social capital has been found to have an impact on the health measure being assessed, (Benach et al, 2014). The impact of social capital on the health status of the working category has had major shifts following major economic transformations encountered, (van der Noordt et al., 2014). The wage levels of pay are found across several manufacturing industries in Indonesia especially in the textile, garment and footwear, cross sectional studies have found out that they offer low pay compared to other south East Asia countries, (Bartley Eagels, 2015). Studies Related to Labour Market and Health Characteristics The social impacts on the health status affecting women in the labour market have pronouncedly discussed and documented. The article, Effect of Gender and Social Capital on the Dual Burden of Malnutrition: A Multilevel Study in Indonesia, 2014, examines the coexistence of overweight and underweight in low and middle income countries, Indonesia included. The study found out that in order to improve health and reduce inequality in socio economic groups, there is need to include women empowerment in the social capital. The article Dual Burden Households and Nutritional Inequality in Indonesia; published in 2012, outlines the double burden of the diseases and its role in overall health status of the population. The study views the social capital of the households and asses that the prevalence of duel burden of diseases hardly changes and the index is steadily rising, thus household inequality is rising within the households. In an aim of streamlining the labour indifference on women, regarding to employment in industrial places like the factories significant changes has to be made. The article on, how to do (or not to do).gender analysis in health systems research , (2016), on gender socially constructed roles, emphasis streamlining gender in the health systems research, through gender analysis and sex disaggregation supports power relations in health. Government Action Plan With this initiative the government of Indonesia came up with the policy of employment creation. Organisations such as the International Labour Organization is playing a key role in streamline the efforts of labour work force globally. It is a UN agency which specializes on the work place related issues. Recommendation Employment is determining factor in social health determinants across the population, (Benach et al., 2014). Studies show that employment to women is beneficial in reduction of depression and mental health status. Thus urge on the need to increase employment among women. The role of social capital on health thus should be incorporated so as to improve the socio economic status of the female gender in the labor work force. The labour employing agencies in this case textiles factories needs to be cognizant of these outcomes employment offers and create the widow for more women in the population to penetrate the job market, (Vander Noordt et al., 2014). References List Baud, I. and Smyth, I., 2014. Searching for security: women's responses to economic transformations. Routledge. Christiani, Y., Byles, J., Tavener, M. and Dugdale, P., 2015. Socioeconomic related inequality in depression among young and middle-adult women in Indonesia? s major cities. Journal of affective disorders, 182, pp.76-81. Kanbur, R., Rhee, C. and Zhuang, J., 2014. Inequality in Asia and the Pacific: Trends, drivers, and policy implications. Routledge. Langer, A., Meleis, A., Knaul, F.M., Atun, R., Aran, M., Arreola-Ornelas, H., Bhutta, Z.A., Binagwaho, A., Bonita, R., Caglia, J.M. and Claeson, M., 2015. Women and Health: the key for sustainable development. The Lancet, 386(9999), pp.1165-1210. Lee, J.W. and Wie, D., 2015. Technological change, skill demand, and wage inequality: Evidence from Indonesia. World Development, 67, pp.238-250. Mee, W., 2015. Work and Cosmopolitanism at the Border: Indonesian Women Labour Migrants. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 41(12), pp.2041-2060. Morgan, R., George, A., Ssali, S., Hawkins, K., Molyneux, S., Theobald, S. (2016). How to do (or not to do) gender analysis in health systems research. Health policy and planning, czw037. Norstrm, F., Virtanen, P., Hammarstrm, A., Gustafsson, P. E., Janlert, U. (2014). How does unemployment affect self-assessed health? A systematic review focusing on subgroup effects. BMC Public Health, 14(1), 1310. Roemling, C., Qaim, M. (2012). Dual burden households and nutritional inequality in Indonesia (No. 13). GlobalFood Discussion Papers. Vaezghasemi, M., hman, A., Eriksson, M., Hakimi, M., Weinehall, L., Kusnanto, H., Ng, N. (2014). The effect of gender and social capital on the dual burden of malnutrition: a multilevel study in Indonesia. PloS one, 9(8), e103849.

Insights on Green Automotive Development

Table of Contents Introduction Insights on Green Automotive Development Relevance of the Insights Conclusion Reference List Introduction Basing judgment on affordability and availability of the EVs, the tax incentives and exemptions offered by some government agencies to purchasers due to the high initial costs seems to be an unsustainable venture in emerging economies. There are several options available that mitigates the high initial cost.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Insights on Green Automotive Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some government agencies have facilities that offer incentives while the federal government extends a tax credit equivalent to 10% or US$4000 whichever is applicable to the initial cost of the green vehicle. In some states, the government exempts customers from paying vehicle license and registration fees. Some are even exempted from paying income tax credit, while o thers do not pay sales tax (United States Environmental Protection Agency, 2002, para. 3). Some of these incentives are more likely not to be exploited in the developing economies. The insight I can draw from this scenario is the need for necessary legislation to be implemented in order to attract green production in struggling economies, and more so the developing countries, as well as boost revenue collection necessary for the much desired growth. To encourage energy efficient mechanisms and embrace energy conservation initiatives in emerging economies, execution of proper planning should be in place to avoid high dependence on imports. Most of the electric vehicles are likely to be imported, posing a threat to domestic growth. With proper planning and legislation deductions can be made at the point of purchase and directly channeled to the government to support funding for improvement of other sectors that may not have embraced green energy (Maxton Wormald, 2004). Verification o f all benefits accrued through the improvements will make the tax benefits a sustainable venture that can propel the economy higher. Insights on Green Automotive Development I found Scott’s article to be useful because the concept of manufacturing vehicles that 100 percentage green is new to me. For instance, I was not aware that Hydrogen can be extracted from water and used as an alternative source of fuel to drive cars, thereby curbing dependence on foreign and fossil fuels. However, I think this may not be sustainable because the technological requirements of extracting Hydrogen from water do not exist. It is a very daunting task to extract hydrogen from water and it also does not occur naturally. It is also a new concept to learn that EVs are safer than gasoline-powered vehicles. This makes an ideal substitution for Countries that register a high number of deaths through road accidents (Clean Alternative Fuels, 2002, para. 4). I can therefore deduce that when accidents de cline the amount that would have been spent on treatment and repairs can then be channeled towards improving the existing infrastructure or developing new infrastructure in developing countries.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More By reviewing the evolution of the automobile industry, it is insightful that the automobile industry has shaped societal growth and caused tremendous changes in the society. The movement of people from urban areas to suburbs has led to the opening up of new towns and opportunities. Relevance of the Insights The continual rise in fuel price has been a hard time for motorized car owners. This has in turn compelled manufacturers to come up with a solution to this problem by looking for greener solutions. Presence of EV vehicles and hybrid cars is an evidence of their efforts. Since hybrid cars have petrol and an electric engine, as a result, the two engine c ompliments each other at the various levels of speed. At higher speed, the electric motor performs the function of a generator as the car is pushed by petrol and at low speeds the generator charges the electric battery. On the other hand, electric cars can be easily customized due to the easy assemblage of the various components of the vehicle. Due to the use of motor controllers and electric motors for impulsion in place of other general propulsion methods that are not environmental friendly, Evs pose to be the better option. Although green cars are expensive compared to the conventional gasoline-petrol powered vehicles, they will definitely create tough competition in the automotive industry. Several business opportunities are therefore presented as discussed below. Renewable energy production of the EV battery types is an opportunity that should be tapped into especially in countries where incentives on energy production are offered. This is a potential revenue stream for people who are unemployed. If the government can permit the installation of battery charging points in retail outlets and along major highways, more job opportunities will be created. Installation of battery charging points will promote similar renewable energy such as solar panels, wind, biomass and alike without being dependant on electricity for charging. Policy formulation and lobbying can also be an opportunity to restructure Tax Reinvestment Acts. Carbon Legislation is another avenue that can be explored. To reduce carbon emissions, companies will be compelled to hire consultants to advice on the right green investment choices (Vergragt, Nieuwenhuis Wells, 2004, p. 4). System Planning and IT systems will also be developed to capture carbon emissions for regulation purposes. Tax consultancy firms can also take advantage of the available incentives to coordinate expertise based on the existing local jurisdiction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Insights on Green Automotive Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Giving awards to companies that manufacture green cars is motivator towards environmental leadership initiatives. Diverse and innovative designs of these vehicles enhance better environmental performance due to their fuel efficiency and reduced emission. Manufacture of on -board battery packs is another opportunity that can be tapped into. With the maintenance and assemblage of EVs being relatively easy it easier to manufacture compared to conventional gasoline or diesel powered cars. Providing charging facilities across other urban areas for people travelling long distances would be a viable business opportunity other sources of renewable energy like solar panels and wind energy being readily available would be a unique revenue stream for economies. It is therefore important to encourage energy efficient mechanisms and embrace energy conservation initiatives in emerging economi es, execution of proper planning should be in place to avoid high dependence on imports. Most of the electric vehicles are likely to be imported, posing a threat to domestic growth. With proper planning and legislation deductions can be made at the point of purchase and directly channeled to the government to support funding for improvement of other sectors that will not have embraced green energy. Verification of all benefits accrued through the improvements will make the tax benefits a sustainable venture that can propel the economy higher. Offering tax incentives to citizens who own vehicles that emit less carbon like the hybrid and electric cars should be encouraged because presently, the automotive industry is facing a serious crisis and this helps create a rejuvenated hope for the new cars According to Lindsey, a self sustaining power source for vehicles would be the most ideal; however this is not easily achievable considering the available technology. Cost effectiveness shou ld therefore be considered before purchasing the electric or gas electric hybrid. Saving on costs can take a very long time before covering the price difference in comparison to the desired period of replacement. Vehicle safety is also a critical factor when making a purchase to reduce accident risks. Technological changes in the motorized transport industry have come with several changes ranging from social, cultural and regulatory.Advertising Looking for essay on other technology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More However, the personalized and motorized transport has contributed to slow progress towards sustainability. The cumulative changes have contributed to personal freedom in the industry which in turn has had detrimental and unsustainable environmental effects that should be addressed through government policies and regulations. With the introduction of EVs, the risk of vehicles producing pollution is eliminated but the power plants that generate electricity to charge the batteries regularly for long hours still produce pollution. Slow battery recharge time, inconvenient disposal of batteries, heavy weight and dependence on heavy power grids of the vehicles are some of the factors that have contributed to the slow uptake of these innovations. Hydrogen fuel presents itself as the most promising alternative source of fuel because nothing is burnt and the byproducts are reusable that is water and heat. Conclusion Oil experts have predicted that in the near future, we are likely to be faced with a shortage of fossil fuels. On the other hand, opponents of this theory argue that this is nothing but an artificial shortage created by the oil experts with the intention of ensuring that oil prices remains high. Burning of petroleum products pose a real danger to the environment and for this reason, there is need to come up with products that have a much less negative effect on our environment, such as encouraging people to embrace energy efficient mechanisms and energy conservation initiatives especially in the emerging economies. Reference List Clean Alternative Fuels, (2002). Clean and alternative fuels. Web. Maxton, G., Wormald, J. (2004). Time for a model Change: Reengineering the Globa. Automotive Industry. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2002). Clean alternative fuels. Web. Vergragt, P.J., Nieuwenhuis, P. , Wells, P (2004). Technological change and regulation in the car industry, GMI Theme Issue, Tellus Institute, USA. Web. This essay on Insights on Green Automotive Development was written and submitted by user Graysen Floyd to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

How Lactose Free Milk Is Made

How Lactose Free Milk Is Made If you avoid regular dairy products because of lactose intolerance, you can turn to lactose-free milk and other dairy products. Have you ever wondered what being lactose intolerant means or how the chemical is removed from milk? Lactose Intolerance Basics Lactose intolerance isnt an allergy to milk. What it means is that the body lacks insufficient amounts of the digestive enzyme, lactase, needed to break down lactose or milk sugar. So, if you suffer lactose intolerance and ingest regular milk, the lactose passes through your gastrointestinal tract unaltered. While your body cant digest the lactose, gut bacteria can utilize it, releasing lactic acid and gas as products of the reaction, which lead to bloating and uncomfortable cramping. Ways Lactose Is Removed from Milk There are a few different ways to remove lactose from milk. As youd guess, the more involved the process, the more the milk costs at the store. A common method is to simply add the enzyme lactase to milk, essentially pre-digesting the sugar into glucose and galactose. The resulting milk still contains the enzyme, so the milk is ultra-pasteurized to deactivate the enzyme and extend the shelf life of the milk.Another method is to pass milk over lactase that is bound to a carrier. Using this procedure, the milk still contains the sugars glucose and galactose, but not the enzyme.Membrane fractionation and other ultrafiltration techniques may be used to mechanically separate lactose from milk. These methods completely remove the sugar, better preserving the normal flavor of milk. Why Lactose-Free Milk Tastes Different If lactase is added to milk, the lactose breaks into glucose and galactose. There isnt more sugar in the milk than before, but it tastes a lot sweeter because taste receptors perceive glucose and galactose as sweeter than lactose. In addition to tasting sweeter, milk that is ultra-pasteurized tastes different because of the extra heat applied during its preparation. How To Make Lactose-Free Milk at Home Lactose-free milk costs a lot more than regular milk because of the additional steps required to make it. However, you can save most of the expense if you turn regular milk into lactose-free milk yourself. The easiest way to do this is to add lactase to the milk. Lactase drops are available at many stores or online from stores, such as Amazon. The amount of lactose removed from the milk depends on how much lactase you add and how long you give the enzyme to react (usually 24 hours for full activity). If you are less sensitive to the effects of lactose, you dont need to wait as long or you can save more money and add less lactase. Aside from saving money, one advantage to making your own lactose-free milk is that you wont get that cooked flavor of ultrapasteurized milk. Reference: Membrane fractionation processes for removing 90% to 95% of the lactose and sodium from skim milk and for preparing lactose and sodium-reduced skim milk. Morr CV and Brandon SC. J. Food Sci. 2008 Nov: 73(9).

Parsing Text Files With Perl

Parsing Text Files With Perl Parsing text files is one of the reasons Perl makes a great data mining and scripting tool. As youll see below, Perl can be used to basically reformat a group of text. If you look down at the first chunk of text and then the last part at the bottom of the page, you can see that the code in the middle is what transforms the first set into the second. How to Parse Text Files As an example, lets build a little program that opens up a tab separated data file, and parses the columns into something we can use. Say, as an example, that your boss hands you a file with a list of names, emails, and phone numbers, and wants you to read the file and do something with the information, like put it into a database or just print it out in a nicely formatted report. The files columns are separated with the TAB character and would look something like this: Larry larryexample.com 111-1111 Curly curlyexample.com 222-2222 Moe moeexample.com 333-3333 Heres the full listing well be working with: #!/usr/bin/perl open (FILE, data.txt); while (FILE) { chomp; ($name, $email, $phone) split(\t); print Name: $name\n; print Email: $email\n; print Phone: $phone\n; print -\n; } close (FILE); exit; Note:Â  This pulls some code from the tutorial on how to read and write files in Perl. What it does first is open a file called data.txt (that should reside in the same directory as the Perl script). Then, it reads the file into the catchall variable $_ line by line. In this case, the $_ is implied and not actually used in the code. After reading in a line, any whitespace is chomped off the end of it. Then, the split function is used to break the line on the tab character. In this case, the tab is represented by the code \t. To the left of the splits sign, youll see that Im assigning a group of three different variables. These represent one for each column of the line. Finally, each variable that has been split from the files line is printed separately so that you can see how to access each columns data individually. The output of the script should look something like this: Name: Larry Email: larryexample.com Phone: 111-1111 - Name: Curly Email: curlyexample.com Phone: 222-2222 - Name: Moe Email: moeexample.com Phone: 333-3333 - Although in this example were just printing out the data, it would be trivially easy to store that same information parsed from a TSV or CSV file, in a full-fledged database.

Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 11

Management - Essay Example Managerial communication is the element of an organization or business that helps the managers of those organizations to communicate with each other, that is if there is more than one manager, as well as with the other employees within the organization.â€Å"Managers must be efficient and effective communicators in a fast-paced highly competitive environment.† (Hynes, Geraldine E, P18).If information is not shared, then it is of no use to the organization and will bring no benefit. In order to share this information, there has to be proper communication techniques that will help the individual members of an organization stay up to date with the latest on goings, events and developments. Good communication helps ease the transfer of valuable information between members of one party to members of another, otherwise known as the sender and the receiver. Managers of an organization that are working towards a common goal, are required to smooth out the flow of information by using effective managerial techniques. Managerial communication is divided into two sub categories, namely; interpersonal communication and organizational communication. Interpersonal communication is the communication or the transfer of information that takes place between two or more individuals at a workplace, whereas organizational communication is one that occurs at all levels of an organization. ... Understanding of a manager’s message is based on the receiver’s perception and message interpretation† (Larry R Smeltzer, Donald J. Leonard, 1994, p27). Many of these issues are related to decision making that turn out to be controversial and not too favorable for some of the subordinates. A controversial decision will incur anxiety and resistance, especially decisions that speak about any sort of change or alteration to the structure of the organization. Changing an organization’s goals for example, will definitely create uncertainty in groups, leading eventually to anxiety and protest. Although lying or half truths are sometimes spread for the benefit of the organization, the process of doing so can destroy the trust that an employee has built with the employer. Due to this, the employee will begin to question the employer’s sincerity and most probably seek a new job where the employer is someone he/she can trust. The employee might even tend to sp read the notion of the employer being insincere and this could be disastrous for the organization, potentially losing valuable employees. Another issue that arises in the management of an organization is caused when the realities of power are not recognized. If a manager is found to be really high in the organization’s hierarchal structure, it is possible for problems that occur in the organization, to reach that manager a little too late and also softened in nature so as to cause minimal blow. Every employee who passes on the problem ensures to reduce the degree of that problem. If the manager is unable to properly recognize the integrity of the situation, the problem might not be dealt with in the right way and may lead to undesirable consequences. In the same way, messages and information

Answer the Q Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Answer the Q - Case Study Example Thus, both these aspects affect the people in economic terms by hampering their earning opportunities (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics., â€Å"Employment Situation†). Cyclical unemployment can be estimated to be very difficult to overcome in comparison to other types of unemployment. It is very difficult to overcome as it encompasses with large numbers of candidates who are willing to work, but are unable to get a proper employment. Cyclical employment is prevelant in almost every country whereby people with proper talents and potentials are unable to find a suitable job (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics., â€Å"Employment Situation†). While calculating the unemployment rate, all the factors relating to unemployment of different age groups and both the genders are taken into consideration with the help of separate calculations. It would be benficial if the unemployement rate, as a whole, is calculated for deriving the exact rate of unemployment rather than basing the calculations on different aspects that may include different reasons for unemployment among different age groups and genders who are unemployed. For creating more job opportunities in the US, the country would need to improve its economic stability. It is only then that the country can be able to provide better employment opportunities to the deserving candidates. If the nation can increase its profitability by way of different business investments and other commercial associations, the nation would be able to curb almost all the issues related to unemployment to a very large extent. There are numerous issues that can be observed as related with the unemployment levels in the US. Recession can be considered to be one of the primary reasons for high rate of unemployment in the US. Recession is often acquainted with contraction in the investment and spending approaches taken by businesses which further lead to unemployment within the nation (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.,

The Handsomest Drowned Man Essay Example for Free

The Handsomest Drowned Man Essay That was how they came to hold the most splendid funeral they could ever conceive of for an abandoned drowned man. Thesis  The author uses magical realism such as everyone worshiping a stranger this helps the reader understand reality because sometimes we treat the dead better than we do the living. The people of the town pampered him, treated him like a god and adjusted there lives around him even though he was dead. Conclusion The people of the town pampered the strange good looking dead man, treated him like a god and adjusted there lives around him even though he was dead. They treated the mysterious drowned man like royalty even though he was a stranger. Magical Realism They secretly compared him to their own men, thinking that for all their lives theirs were incapable of doing what he could do in one night, and they ended up dismissing them deep in their hearts as the weakest, meanest and most useless creatures on earth. The reader gains a better understanding about reality because it shows that sometime we base too much off looks The magical realism reveals the authors argument by showing more bluntly how we think better of the living than of the dead Later, when they covered his face with a handkerchief so that the light would not bother him, he looked so forever dead, so defenseless, so much like their men that the first furrows of tears opened in their hearts. This quote helps readers gain a better understanding of reality because they started thinking badly of the ones who were living. The author supports his argument because it shows how much the people care for this strange myth like man. It gains a better perspective of reality because they have treated him better than there own family and sometimes we dont appreciate our family The author argued in this quote because they held the best funeral they have ever held for a dead man they had only just come across!

The Black Arts Movement Essay examples -- African Americans History Es

The Black Arts Movement The Black Arts movement refers to a period of â€Å"furious flowering† of African American creativity beginning in the mid-1960’s and continuing through much of the 1970’s (Perceptions of Black). Linked both chronologically and ideologically with the Black Power Movement, The BAM recognized the idea of two cultural Americas: one black and one white. The BAM pressed for the creation of a distinctive Black Aesthetic in which black artists created for black audiences. The movement saw artistic production as the key to revising Black American’s perceptions of themselves, thus the Black Aesthetic was believed to be an integral component of the economic, political, and cultural empowerment of the Black community. The concepts of Black Power, Nationalism, Community, and Performance all influenced the formation of this national movement, and it proliferated through community institutions, theatrical performance, literature, and music. The symbolic birth of the Black Arts Movement is generally dated to 1965 and coincides with a major transformation in the life of its most prominent leader, Amiri Baraka, formally LeRoi Jones. Early in his career LeRoi Jones won notoriety and critical acclaim for his plays, specifically the Dutchmen, while living in Greenwich Village at the heart of the Beat Scene. However, beginning in 1964 he underwent a personal transformation which resulted in his distancing himself from white culture. LeRoi Jones divorced his white wife, moved to Harlem, changed his name, and adopted a Black Nationalist View. Shortly after Malcolm X’s assassination in February of 1965, Amiri Baraka joined forces with Charles and William Patterson, Askia Toure, Clarence Moure, an... ...) – Part 1.† The Black Collegian Online. 28 Nov 2004. http://www.black-collegian.com/african/bam1_200shtml Kalamu ya Salaam. â€Å"Historical Background of the Black Arts Movement (BAM)– Part2† The Black Collegian Online. 28 Nov. 2004. http://www.black-collegian.com/African/bam2_200shtml Modern American Poetry. Ed. Cary Nelson. 29. Nov. 2004. http://www.english.uiuc.edu/maps/index.html Neal, Larry. â€Å"The Black Arts Movement.† The Black Aesthetic. Ed. Addison Gayle, Jr.New York: Doubleday &Company, Inc., 1971. 272 - 290. Perception of Black: African American Visual Art and the Black Arts Movement. University of Virginia. 28 Nov. 2004. http://xroads.virginia.edu/~UG01/hughes/blackart/html Smith, David Lionel. â€Å"The Black Arts Movement and Its Critics.† American Literary History. 3.1 (Spring 1991): 94-109.

New and Significant Management Insights from Recomputed Baldrige Scores

Baldrige Criteria raw scores were statistically analyzed carrying out correlation test, t-test, and regression analyses tests on two (2) groups designated as Leaders and on another group as Others. From an earlier examination of the respondents that the Leaders were actually Senior Leaders and that the Others were actually Junior Leaders, the tests consistently showed that the Senior Leaders were more concerned with external factors, such as satisfying Customer and Market Focus and delivering Business Results.Expectedly, as Junior Leaders, they showed total balanced concern for all the categories of the Baldrige Criteria.Results of both groups descriptively (Commerce, 2007b) fell into the Baldrige Leadership and Results Triads, pages 4 and 5 (Commerce, 2007b). Other possible uses of already available Baldrige Criteria raw scores must be further explored especially in the feasibility of predicting favorable leadership qualities towards successful organizations. Introduction What a bet ter way to define leadership than through differentiating it with management by these 2 very self-explanatory popular business amorphisms: Management guru Peter Drucker and Bennis jumbled words, in that:â€Å"Management is doing things right; Leadership is doing the right things† (Warren Bennis, 1995). Thus, Bennis, then has more to say, in that: â€Å"Managers want to be efficient. Leaders want to be effective†(Warren Bennis, 1995). Through the centuries, man has always been awed by outstanding leaders. Hence, through the years, continuing search has been made of the unmistakable character traits of leadership, obviously found in leaders. There have even been attempts at possibly measuring leadership, or if not, trying to segregate those people who are leaders from those who are not leaders by applying some pre-set leadership criteria on them.Review of Related Literature The Value of Leadership Qualities of leadership, specifically military leadership are found not on ly under the subject heading Military Leadership in the earlier August 1999 US Army Field Manual (FM) 22-100 Army Leadership Be, Know, Do version (Army, 1999) but also in just the latest October 2006 US Army FM 6-22 Army Leadership Competent, Confident, Agile version (Army, 2006). From the 1999 US FM 22-100, Napoleon Bonaparte, a most famous military leader boasted (more, later) that: â€Å"A man does not have himself killed for a few halfpence a day or for a petty distinction.You must speak to the soul in order to electrify the man† (Army, 1999). Moreover, according to the same 1999 US FM 22-100, it would be safe to declare then that with those good qualities of leadership, former US Army Sergeant Major Richard A. Kidd had this to say (more, later), that: â€Å"Soldiers learn to be good leaders from good leaders† (Army, 1999). It will be at best a very highly debatable issue (Frances Hesselbein, 2004; Jason A. Santamaria, 2003), the importance of military leadership o ver civilian leadership, as just fitting and right.Over 228 years of US Military fighting history and existence, only in the past 8 years, already two military volumes of the US Army on Military Leadership had been printed, as we have seen above: the year 1999 FM 22-10 and the year 2006 FM 6-22, representing the US’ foremost military leadership literature. Why and how the US became a military power may also be attributed to those two manuals which encapsulated especially the US Marines’ superior rigorous and highly-proven training methods over 228 years to produce the US Military’s effective and successful military leaders/officers and soldiers (women from all ranks included).Without deliberately and unnecessarily comparing and contrasting (though debatable) military leadership and civilian leadership, it just cannot be helped; however, to sufficiently point out only two major differences between them. Obviously, first, the highest stakes are over human life-and -death situations and possible widespread public infrastructure damage by which military leaders could legitimately under military leadership give the orders for the go-ahead, as in â€Å"to seek and destroy (with impunity and without prejudice! )†.Such situation cannot be compared with any other civilian leader, except for the lone duly-elected civilian President also deciding as Commander-in-Chief of the nation under a democratic country where civilian authority is supreme over the military. In other words, hands down, each individual military leader or officer is tasked to the extremes: physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually, psychologically, socially, and so on–more than any of his civilian counterpart under any same given conditions (Frances Hesselbein, 2004; Jason A. Santamaria, 2003).Second, it could be generally inferred that it would be much easier to make the transition by a military leader to become a civilian leader (to be discussed later); than for a civilian leader to become a military one—simply because of more demanding requirements of the civilian individual (or leader) by the military life (Frances Hesselbein, 2004; Jason A. Santamaria, 2003). Civilian leadership may be further subdivided into spiritual leadership in origin or in nature (Greenleaf, 2002), political leadership (Gardner, 1990; Warren Bennis, 1995; Yukl, 2001), and business leadership (Covey, 1900, , 1992, , 2006; Jason A.Santamaria, 2003; Yukl, 2001). For leaders who are successful in their own fields, yet surprisingly, they still feel themselves very melancholy and unexplainably â€Å"unfulfilled†, the most plausible search for their fulfillment, obviously with very strong spiritual undertones, may come from imbibing that concept of servant-leadership, a term coined by Robert K. Greenleaf who wrote Servant Leadership: A Journey into the Nature of Legitimate Power and Greatness, 25th Anniversary Edition as a hardcover (Covey, 2006; Greenleaf, 2002).Naturally, proponents, advocates, practitioners, and â€Å"fanatics† of this â€Å"Greenleaf culture† or those practicing spiritual leadership should be, just to give examples, are the so-called Roman Catholic religious orders with lifetime vocations of daily self-denial comprising the monks, missionaries, contemplatives, and so on. Tao Te Ching, ca. 6th century BCE as described in chapter 17, on â€Å"servant-leadership† remains to be a timeless ideal (Greenleaf, 2002). Following closely at his heels, Jesus Christ ca. 33 AD sought to teach his disciples that in order to be first they must â€Å"wash each other's feet†.In other words, taken directly from the Online 1611 King James Version (K. J. V. , 2007) from the gospel evangelists’ accounts, the disciples must seek to serve each other in order to be true leaders from Chapter 13 of the Gospel of John (K. J. V. , 2007). And again, Jesus said that â€Å"many who are first will be last, and many who are last will be first† meaning that true leadership, according to Jesus, was leadership based on servanthood from Chapter 19 according to the Gospel of Matthew (Covey, 1900, , 1992, , 2006; Gardner, 1990; K. J. V. , 2007).Thus, now many years later if analyzed, notice Bonaparte’s speaking to man’s soul to electrify man (Army, 1999) for man to join his Army, with the certainty that that man will get killed–can be found in the servant-leader concept during World War II as exquisitely applied by the German people and the German Army in their allegiance to their Fuehrer (Adolf Hitler) of the Fatherland (nation Germany) and by the Japanese people and the Japanese Army in their allegiance to their considered demi-god Emperor (Emperor Hirohito) of their beloved nation Japan.It really is noteworthy that Larry C. Spears, President and Chief Executive Officer (CEO) of the Robert K. Greenleaf Center for Servant-Leadership since 1990, summarized Greenleafâ⠂¬â„¢s works by listing down the servant-leaders’ ten (10) characteristics which because of the concept/principle of the servant-leaders’ deep spiritual underpinnings, all the other mentioned habits or values of civilian leadership literature can be included in any one of these ten items. The following list can be considered a veritable â€Å"How To’s in Leadership†:Hence, those other leadership habits or values, also cited accordingly alongside each of these characteristics mentioned are from Stephen R. Covey’s The 7 Habits of Highly Effective People (Covey, 1900), Principle-Centered Leadership (Covey, 1992), and The 8th Habit from Effectiveness to Greatness (Covey, 2006); John W. Gardner’s On Leadership (Gardner, 1990); Warren Bennis and Joan Goldsmith’s Learning to Lead (Warren Bennis, 1995); and from Gary Yukl’s Leadership in Organizations (Yukl, 2001). 1. Listening (Greenleaf, 2002):While other leaders are expected to be e xcellent communicators and decision-makers, servant-leaders, rather than to be listened to, are now more than ever, expected to listen intently to the others (Greenleaf, 2002). Habit 6, Synergize (of 7 or of 8), that the would-be-leader, believing that the whole is bigger than the sum of the parts, through mutual trust in attentively listening to the other person they could both arrive at the best solution because they listened to one another, better than either’s (Covey, 1900). Same as Characteristic 7, They Are Synergistic (Covey, 1992). 2. Empathy (Greenleaf, 2002):Servant-leaders try very hard to understand and empathize with others, accepting them as they are, and as they come and go (Greenleaf, 2002). Habit 5, Seek First to Understand, Then to Be Understood, that the would-be-leader must try his best first to identify with the other person before he himself expects to be understood by that person (Covey, 1900). 3. Healing (Greenleaf, 2002): An on-going phenomenon betwee n serving and being served is not only the potential but the actuality that both serving and being served are â€Å"healed† or â€Å"made whole† again by their shared experiences (Greenleaf, 2002).Habit 4 (of 7 or of 8), Think Win/Win, that the would-be-leader makes sure that his counterpart and he are both benefited by any arrangement or agreement they have arrived at (Covey, 1900). Habit 7 (of 7 or of 8), Sharpening the Saw, that the would-be-leader voluntarily and regularly maintains a balanced personal renewal of his physical, mental, social/emotional, and spiritual dimensions (Covey, 1900) and very similar, if not the same as Characteristic 5, They Lead Balanced Lives (Covey, 1992) and Characteristic 8, They Exercise For Self-Renewal (Covey, 1992).Bennis was able to grasp this truth, in that: â€Å"As Sophocles observes in Antigone, ‘’But hard it is to learn the mind of any mortal, or the heart, 'til he be tried in chief authority. Power shows the ma n’’’† (Warren Bennis, 1995). 4. Awareness (Greenleaf, 2002): Able servant-leaders are usually sharply awake and reasonably disturbed from integrated holistic perspectives, yet with inner serenity (Greenleaf, 2002). Habit 1 (of 7 or of 8), Being Proactive or the concept of Inside-Out, that any significant type of change in the would-be-leader must first come from within himself (Covey, 1900).

Education for Secondary Students With Mental Retardation Essay

Education is important for any young person. All secondary school students are looking forward to their futures and independence. This is the goal that mentally challenged students also look forward to. It is the challenge of the school system to give each young person the best possible chance at achieving the goal of independence or at the very least performing daily functions to the best of his or her ability. In order for a school or teacher to accomplish this, the teacher must determine the student’s level of academic and adaptive skills then find ways to help him successfully transition into an area of employment that matches his skills. Education for Secondary Students with Mental Retardation Teachers who work with students with disabilities face greater challenges in preparing their students for the world outside of school. Many mentally retarded students, however can be very functional and hold jobs, if they are properly prepared for the world and helped to find their strengths. One of the first things the special education teacher needs to know is that each disability is different and each disabled student has individual needs. Once the teacher has established that each student needs to be treated differently, then a plan can be developed for the student’s future. The first step in helping a student reach his full potential is to determine the skills he already has, such as his academic and adaptive skills. By using these skills, the teacher can help the student make a successful transition from the academic world into the adult world of employment. A final step in successfully educating special needs students involves matching the student’s strongest skills with potential employment opportunities and training the student for the job he would be most likely to succeed in. When a teacher gets a special needs student in her class, her first challenge is to find out what his natural skills are. The first set of skills that need to be evaluated are the student’s academic skills. Academic skills consist what is usually considered school knowledge or what the student learned in school. Academic skills include skills such as critical thinking, reading, writing and mathematical skills (Young, 2007). They are often considered the skills that can be taught. A teacher who wants to see a student succeed needs to determine how well developed the student’s academic skills are developed and what areas of strength the student has in the area of academics. Although it is important for a teacher to provide a well rounded education to students, it is equally important to focus on the student’s specific areas of strength. Once the teacher has determined where the student’s strengths lie, a specific curriculum can be designed for that student. A curriculum is a specific course of study either for an entire class or, with special education, a specific student. It provides a sort of blue print for the educational goals (Browder, 2001). A good reason for developing a curriculum for students with disabilities is to help ensure positive out comes from the information being taught (Browder, 2001). This essentially means that by designing a curriculum specifically for an individual student, it will help that student maximize his academic strengths. Adaptive skills are equally important to helping determine the best way to help students reach their full potential. Adaptive skills can be defined as â€Å"how well a person can deal with the tasks of everyday life. These tasks include the ability to speak and understand; home-living skills; use of community resources; leisure, self-care, and social skills; self-direction. † (Free Health, 2007). Adaptive skills are the kind of skills that allow the student to adapt the information he knows into actions that can help them in daily living. These skills are vitally important in combination with the academic skills in order for a person to effectively adapt to the world and be independent. It is very important for teachers of mentally disabled students to help them develop their adaptive skills to increase the student’s independence. Part of this includes helping the student gain access to community services that can assist in various areas in the community (such as rent assistance, adaptive equipment, or financial assistance). This is another area in which individual attention is needed in order to insure that each student reaches his maximum potential. A teacher needs to assess the social and daily survival skills that the student possess and then help the student develop the areas of strength. In order to develop the skills, the student must practice the skills repeatedly and build on them. The students, like people without disabilities desire to develop socially acceptable behavior and in order to develop this, they must try to maintain it (Wacker, 1984). Once the level of skills and the student’s ability to adapt have been determined, the teacher needs to find the best way to prepare the student for life outside of the school setting. Most mentally challenged people will require some outside assistance in order to be successful. Many students leaving high school go to group homes or spend time in adult day care (Thompson, 1987). In order to successfully transition a mentally disabled young person from the very structured school setting to the adult world, it will take the involvement of more than just the teacher. Family members and community assistance needs to be involved, when looking into helping a mentally challenged young person adapt to life outside of high school. For at least the last year of the student’s school career, the teacher, parents, and the community social service workers involved should meet to discover the most likely success plan for the student. The young person should be included in the process of planning, in order to make the plan more likely to succeed. The plan needs to be within the abilities and skills of the student, and include the student’s interest. The majority of the people classified as mentally retarded are considered to be high functioning enough to live alone and be employed if they are provided with some community assistance. If the student has successfully developed his strongest skills, then he is likely to become fairly well adjusted to functioning in the community. The teacher by the time of graduation needs to have taught the student such basic skills as money management, meal preparation, grooming and safety. In addition to the basic skills, the student needs to have developed some job skills, in order to obtain and maintain employment. The job skills are where the student’s individual areas of strength become important, as those strengths often correlate with the student’s interests. If the teacher and family members effectively helped the student develop the skills, the student is more likely to make a successful transition into the adult world. Those who choose to live on their own instead of with parents or family, often move into group home settings at least initially. Group homes are homes in which several mentally retarded people live together either with some full time supervision or occasional monitoring to provide assistance. Living in one of these homes can often help with the transition from school to independence. Employment opportunities for the mentally challenged vary widely based upon their skills and abilities. Many restaurants and grocery stores employ mentally challenged individuals for stocking shelves or greeting customers. In some cases they help in group environments specifically designed to employ mentally retarded people. Most of these places are set up to provide added support and structure for the disabled people. â€Å"Currently, only one-third of all disabled Americans with disabilities work, although the remaining two-thirds who are not working would like to have a job, but may or may not be looking for one† (Brodsky, 1990). Those who would like to have jobs, but are not actively seeking them may not have been properly prepared by their school systems, their communities or their families. These people need to be informed on the opportunities available to them and provided with assistance on finding suitable employment for their skill level and abilities. Most businesses now claim they are equal opportunity employers, which means that anyone can apply for positions in the company. Some jobs do have basic requirements either for specific position knowledge or for safety purposes, but the company can not turn down a qualified applicant simply because they have a diagnosis of mental retardation. This law has helped many disabled people have opportunities they might not have had available to them a number of years ago. In addition to this many businesses are providing special accommodations for wheelchairs and hearing impaired employees to make jobs more accessible. Everyone has some talent and skills that other people do not possess and everyone despite his or her disabilities has the right to reach his or her maximum potential. It is the job of society to see that every child is raised to reach that potential. No child should be left behind or written off as incapable of accomplishing anything. No one knows what a person is capable of until someone has helped the person achieve success. Everyone even the most intelligent people need some assistance to achieve his maximum potential. The new laws that have been passed in recent years have helped to ensure that the school systems provide the necessary assistance to help disabled children reach their maximum potential rather than just passing them on and counting them for the sake of the school census, until they reach the age of eighteen.Many schools today are legally obligated to provide a satisfactory education to every student. Resources: Beker, Jerome. (1988) Transitioning Exceptional Children and Youth Into the Community. Hawthorn Press/New York. Booth, Tony. (1983). Policies Towards the Integration of Mentally Handicapped Children in Education Oxford Review of Education. Vol. 9, No. 3, 1983. Brodsky, Melvin. (1990) Employment Programs for Disabled Youth: An International View. Monthly Labor Review, Vol. 113, 1990 Browder, Diane. (2001) Curriculum and Assessment for Students with Moderate And Severe Disabilities. Guilford Press/New York. Cambridge, Paul. (2005) Person Centered Planning and Care Management With People With Learning Disabilities. Jessica Kingsly Publishers/ London Connis, Richard T. (1981). Training the Mentally Handicapped for Employment: A Comprehensive Manual. Kluwer Academic Pub Free Health Encyclopedia. (2007). Advameg. Retrieved October 3, 2008 from: Mental Retardation – Definition, Description, Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis, Treatment, Prognosis, Prevention President’s Committee on Mental Retardation- The President’s Committee on Employment of the Handicapped (1969). Rao, H. P. (1994). Employment opportunities for mentally handicapped individuals in rural area : a proposed model. Journal of the Indian Academy of Applied Psychology. 1994 Jul; 20(2): 131-7 Thompson, Angela. (1987). Mentally Handicapped School Leavers: Where do they Go? Child care: Health and Development. Wacker, David. (1984). Training Moderately and Severely Mentally Handicapped Children to Use Adaptive Social Skills. School Psychology Review, v13 n3 p324-30 Sum 1984 Young, John W. (2007). Validity of the Measure of Academic Proficiency and Progress. Educational Testing Service.

13 Tough Skills You Must Master to Find Career Success

13 Tough Skills You Must Master to Find Career Success The best things in life often require you to exit your comfort zone. Career success doesn’t come easily; otherwise, everyone would shoot to the top of their field fresh our of college! Here are 13 of the skills which are perhaps the hardest to learn, but are the most worth learning. Do yourself a favor and accrue a few.1. Sleeping SoundlyIf you can establish a ritual and stick with it, you’ll never need the ever popular â€Å"sleep hacks† everyone is scrambling around for. It may be tough to get into a routine, but you will never regret it.2. EmpathyIt’s a hard one to learn, but not impossible. And it’s incredibly valuable–both in the business world and in your personal life. If you can cultivate this kind of ability to feel what it might be like in others’ shoes, you will go far.3. Time ManagementThat thing you parents were always on at you about? Turns out it’s pretty important. There’s no one right way to gain this ski ll, but as long as you find a system that works for you consistently, you’re golden. Employers will notice and be impressed.4. Asking for  HelpKnowing when you’re in over your own head and need a hand is a very important thing. Being able to ask for that help is the next big thing. But both are invaluable. This is a tough one to break, but invariably makes you look more capable, rather than less.5. ConsistencyDo you have a tendency to take your foot off the gas when you reach the next milestone? This is career death. You have to work hard and keep working hard. That’s how the most successful people get where they are.6. Staying PositiveAnd not just about others- about yourself! Projecting confidence and cultivating positivity is very important. There will be times when no one else believes in you, but you should! Always.7. Knowing When to Shut UpIf you’re whining or ranting or just talking about your kids, it’s always important to know when your audience has had enough, and to be able to shut your mouth and cede the mic. Plus, learning to bite your tongue when riled and in danger of saying something you’ll later come to regret is an important skill.8. ListeningStart by practicing active listening- repeating back part of what the other person says to you, until you get more comfortable actually listening to what people are saying instead of waiting to say your next thing instead.9. Minding your Own BeeswaxKnow when to shut up and also when something is none of your concern. Your two cents aren’t always worth putting in. Know when to use your resources in someone else’s work and when to conserve them- for the benefit of all.10. Avoiding  GossipIt’s delicious and seductive to fall into the trap of talking about someone behind their back, but it can have disastrous consequences for your reputation and relationships. Learn to keep it classy and keep your head above the fray.11.  Controlling Your T houghtsDon’t let your own monkey brain or your emotions get the better of you. Continually direct your thinking toward the future, even if it is informed by the past. Move forward.12. Being PresentPeople are constantly looking into greener pastures, dwelling in the past, or looking too far forward that they don’t remember to be present in the present moment. Focus on where you are and what you are doing and try to find happiness in that moment. If you can do it now, you’ll be able to do it in the future.13. Speaking UpNinety percent of the battle of public speaking comes from doing it a few times- until you’re not so much afraid of it. But once you get comfortable speaking in public, whether in a small meeting or a huge amphitheater, you’ll be in possession of a huge asset that will stand you well in other areas of your life and career as well.

How to Keep Up With College Reading

How to Keep Up With College Reading The level of out-of-class reading required in college can be pretty intense. If youre new to college, your reading load is likely significantly higher than what you experienced in high school; if youre a senior in college, the level seems to go up each year, just as you think youve adjusted. Regardless of your specific situation, knowing how to keep up with college reading can be a serious challenge. Fortunately, theres no right way to stay on track with your reading load. A manageable solution comes from finding something that works for your own learning style - and from realizing that being flexible is part of any long-term solution. Figure Out How You Best Make Progress on Your Reading Completing your assigned reading is more than just scanning your eyes across the page; its understanding and thinking about the material. For some students, this is best accomplished in short bursts, whereas others learn best by reading for longer periods of time. Think about and even experiment with what works best for you. Do you retain more by reading in 20-minute periods? Or do you learn better by spending an hour or two really diving into the reading and not doing anything else? Similarly, do you need to have background music on, be in a loud cafe, or have the quiet of the library? Each student has his or her own way of doing homework effectively; figure out which way is best for you. Schedule Reading Time Into Your Calendar Most students are great at scheduling things like club meetings, football games, classes, and other activities into their calendars. Additional things, like homework and laundry, often just get done whenever possible. This kind of loose scheduling with reading and assignments, however, can lead to procrastination and last-minute cramming. Consequently, write down (and make sure you keep) time in your schedule to do your reading each week. If you can make an appointment to attend a club meeting, you can certainly make a similar appointment to get your reading done. Read Effectively Some students take notes; some students highlight; some students make flashcards; others have their own system that works for them. Doing your reading involves more than just getting from page 1 to page 36; it involves understanding what youre reading and, possibly, having to use that knowledge later (like during an exam or in a paper). To prevent yourself from having to reread later, be effective during your first read-through. Its much easier, after all, to go back through your notes and highlights for pages 1-36 than it is to completely reread all 36 pages before your midterm. Acknowledge That You Can't Get Everything Done All of the Time Its a harsh reality - and great time management skill - to realize that doing 100% of your reading 100% of the time is nearly (if not actually) impossible in college. Its important to learn what you cant get done and then to go with the flow sometimes. Can you work with other students to break up the reading, and then discuss in a group later? Can you let something go in a class youre already doing well in and focus more on a class youre struggling in? Can you skim materials for one course, thereby allowing yourself to read materials for another course with more time and attention? Sometimes, you just cant get all of your college reading done, no matter how hard you try or how good your intentions are. And as long as this is the exception and not the rule, learning how to be flexible with and adjust to what youre realistically able to accomplish can, in fact, lead to you being more effective and productive with what youre able to do.

Personal tv history assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal tv history assignment - Essay Example Further, viewing television is not only an individual act of one’s choice, but often it is a result of adjustment, negotiation, compromises and imitation of others in the child’s environment.† Although my TV viewing was not overly restricted by other members of the family (usually they took over the TV at night until they finally broke down and bought me my own TV when I was still in grade school), the choices I made in programming and the amount of time I spent with the TV were definitely influenced by external influences. In reflecting on my own TV watching experience, I remember only turning on the set when I was bored and couldn’t find anything else to do, but I also remember being bored often, that we, as a family, never did anything interesting. My mother indicates I would have rather watched TV than do anything else, even watching TV when we went to visit friends and relatives. This is a huge difference in perspectives that still manifested in me watching TV all the time. My mother saw it as a prime source of entertainment while I perceived TV to be little more than a time-filler between one event and the next. This begins to indicate an incredible failure to communicate between myself and my mother that is further demonstrated in our difference in viewing preferences. My mother has indicated that when she did watch TV, it was usually news programs or ‘prime time’ television, typically things like the sit-coms I liked to watch. However, she also indicates that it was a very rare occasion when she’d sit down and watch a program with me. This comes closer to coinciding with my memory, in which my parents chose to purchase a small TV for me rather than attempt to negotiate television watching time or selection of programs. Because this was my television, there was no compromising with my younger

Media Analyse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Media Analyse - Essay Example It also intends to assess the strength as well as weaknesses of these two communication mediums from the perspective of marketing communication. Compare and Contrast Uses of Facebook and The Economist Current statistical findings suggest that Facebook has a greater influence upon the way people communicate. The main advantage of using Facebook is that it permits the marketers to be in connection with the people all around the day whether they are on their mobile devices, at home or at work, watching TV or shopping with their friends. It is because of this reason that the marketers are capable of generating rich social experiences, develop enduring relationships and enhance the strongest marketing strategies such as Word-Of-Mouth (WOM). Facebook has been one of the medium that permits the companies to learn regarding the customer behaviour having close observations of their actions and by involving with them directly. This social networking site is often considered as one of the best online places to learn about the potential customers and their perception about the company. It becomes easier for the companies to integrate their customers into their product development cycle along with the marketing campaign (Facebook, 2011). It is a well known fact that the magazines are not just read once but are read several times by the readers. The readers often prefer reading most of the pages repeatedly. This is one of the main advantages of print media in comparison to television or radio. It has been revealed from the JICNARS Reader Categorization Study that most of the readers of magazines view the spreads. Thus, the advertisements that the company places are at least viewed by the readers in the process of screening the content of the magazines. There are many evidences which prove that the magazine advertisement has the capability of selling the products (Consterdine, 2005). There have been favourable sales effects of campaigns which are focused upon magazine adverti sing. It is to be remembered that the magazine exposure do not take place at once the issue is published. The impact of the advertisement is basically evident after a week or even a month and therefore the advertisers need to consider these facts so that they can compare ad exposure as well as advertisement effect (Office of Commission, 2006). The weekly news magazine such as The Economist sells quickly because it is well written and covers almost all the issues of the world. It has also been observed that the magazine is aimed at those readers who prefer to remain informed. A good instance of a promotion that includes both consumer as well as business sector is generated by The Economist. There are four main components such as ‘Invoice me’ option, good use of colour, stronger offer and an easy order form that tend to help the marketers to ensure that the advertisements placed on The Economist will perform effectively in comparison to other forms of advertisements in UK (Subscription Strategy, 2006). The main advantage of reading The Economist is that each of the issues intends to discover domestic as well as international issues. It also offers its readers with news relating to science, technology, finance, business and arts. Each article published by The Economist is highly analytical. However, it is most often found

Strategic Management Practice Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4750 words

Strategic Management Practice - Assignment Example In the year 2012, Sony reported to its shareholders that the company experienced a substantial loss of over 67 billion Yen (Sony 2012). The year prior, in 2011, Sony had achieved another staggering loss of nearly 200 billion Yen which is a product of an inability to achieve revenue growth in a very saturated global competitive market with such companies as Samsung, Sharp, Sanyo and many other electronics producers. Sony, no longer sustaining a market position as pioneering and innovative company, faces substantial strategic problems in achieving growth and capturing the interests of very diverse global demographics to select Sony consumer electronics over that of competing product offerings. This report analyses the current competitive position of Sony Corporation, focusing on the specific strategic issues facing the firm, the goals the organisation should be constructing based on analysed market conditions, recommends strategic direction for the firm, and describes a performance management system that should be viable for developing the recommended strategy. To address the firm’s main issues, there are several models that can assist in conducting a thorough analysis of Sony. The company, due to its inability to innovate revolutionary products and competitive presence worldwide in the consumer electronics industry, has been unable to achieve competitive advantage. Barney (1991) provides the VRIO model, a strategy analysis that explores four dimensions of firm activity, these being rarity, value, inimitability and internal firm organisation. Value in this model is the extent to which a company has the capability of exploiting opportunities and to insulate itself from various competitive threats (Barney and Hesterly 2006). Value is measured on whether a firm’s total capital expenditures or labour investments are less expensive than the

Rousseaus Argument on General Will

Rousseaus Argument on General Will Jean-Jacques Rousseau is one of the most influential thinkers during the Enlightenment in eighteenth century Europe. He was born on June 28, 1712 in Geneva, Switzerland. Rousseau won recognition as a writer, although the authorities make every effort to suppress Rousseaus writings. His notion of individual liberty and his convictions about political unity helped to fuel the romantic spirit of the French Revolution. Jean-Jacques Rousseau authored a series of philosophical essays between 1754 and his death in 1778 that had a decisive impact on political events in Europe and the world at large. A political and moral philosopher during the Enlightenment, Jean-Jacques Rousseau developed provocative ideas about human nature, education, and the desired relationship between individuals and the ideal society. Like Locke and Hobbes, Rousseau is a state of nature theorist. This means he starts his argument with individuals wandering about in a state of nature and then brings them together to show how society is created through their social contract. Rousseau published Discourse on the Origin and Foundations of Inequality in 1754, arguing that the natural, moral state of man had been corrupted by society. Rousseau saw a fundamental divide between society and human nature. Rousseau contended that man was good by nature, a noble savage when in the state of nature , History,for Russeau,is the story of corruption,wherebya healthy innocence gives away to a corrupt sophistication with the onset of farming and techonology . (Lecture notes) In Rousseaus philosophy, Men and woman in the state of nature are seen as simple free creatures at ease with themselves .To make this more clear men and woman in the state of nature are self -regarding, they feel a compassion for the suffering of others. Human beings in the state of nature experience a relatively healthy form of Self-love, amour de soi. This benign self -regard, though, is turned into more sinister form of self-love, amour proper in the development of more sophisticated societies. (Lecture notes) Jean-Jacques Rousseaus most important work is The Social Contract ,which coined the basis for a legitimate political order based on the social contract that is formed by the society from state of nature to civil society and state. The book was published in 1762, where it became one of the most influential works of political philosophy in the social contract theory. The book begins with the dramatic opening lines, Man is born free, and everywhere he is in chains. One man thinks he the master of others, but remains more of a slave than they. Rousseau claimed that the state of nature was a primitive condition without law or morality. This is the basic principle that he tried to put forward in his writing. In the state of nature that describe by Rousseau is where men are possess with their personal liberty. In the state of nature there are no legitimate and political authorities. As society developed, division of labour and private property required the human to adopt institutions of law. Men lives in isolation and fear of conflict, but due to the motivation of self improvement, development of society to govern their rights that they possess men gave up the rights and liberty in order to form government. Rousseau thinks that the fear and the pressure made the people abandoning their natural rights to came and joins through the social contract into civil society. The problem Rousseau poses in the beginning of The Social Contract is how to reconcile individual liberty with civil society. His solution is to offer two conceptions of liberty, natural liberty and civil liberty, which is the superior of the two. The forming of societies involves a social contract in which individuals sacrifice freedom in the name of self preservation What a man loses by the social contract is his natural liberty and the absolute right to anything that tempts him and that he can take; what he gains by the social contract is civil liberty we must clearly distinguish between natural liberty, which has no limit but the physical power of the individual concerned, and civil liberty, which is limited by the general will man acquires with civil society, moral freedom, which alone makes man the master of himself obedience to a law one prescribes to oneself is freedom. (Rousseau, 1968:p 65) According to Rousseau, no one will give up his liberty without getting something in return. We all agree that people are born free, but for Rousseau they need to enter into social contract to achieve the natural freedom . Men by nature are possessed with individual liberty, but men gave up this liberty in order to enter into Social Contract .They giving up the liberty in order to receive social freedom , In giving up the liberty in order to form state with legitimate authority it is must the based on the condition of general will.. In other words Rousseau thinks that the natural independence of man in state of nature is exchanged for the public freedom of citizenship. General will is introduced by Rousseau as a foundation of a transition from state of nature towards civil state, Rousseau claims in The Social Contract to have solved a fundamental problem (Book 1, iv) Find a form of association which will defend and protect with the whole of its joint strength the person and property of each associate and under which each of them, uniting himself to all, will obey himself alone and remain free as before. (Rousseau the Social Contract p 54) the concept of general will used by Rousseau means the will by which a group of people enter into social contract ,it refers to the will of the citizen the state It tends toward the public utility (Rousseau, 1996: 477) The general will is always right and promote public interest. The general will can be seen as distinct from a sum of coinciding private interests. This does not however mean that the general will is not in the interest of each individual. It is, in so far as It is not the interests of others that we are to follow but rather the interests of all, all includes us.(Hall an introduction to Rousseau p.73) For Rousseau living according to the general will instead of individual will are namely that it is noble and good to do so, but also because a person achieves civil liberty by doing so. Obedience to the law one has prescribed for oneself is liberty. (Rousseau, Block 3, p.111) Rousseau believes that only general will can direct the society towards common good. The idea of the general will is at the heart of Rousseaus philosophy. When individuals have been transformed into a state by enter into social contract ,they are united by common goods .The general will is the will of a state as a whole . The concept of the general will is probably easier to understand as the will of all. Rousseau specifically makes distinguish between the two concepts about common will, the will of all and the general will: There is often a great deal of difference between the will of all and the general will; the latter considers only the common interest, while the former takes private interest into account, and is no more than a sum of particular wills: but take away from these same wills the pluses and minuses that cancel one another, and the general will remains as the sum of the differences Social Contract, (Vol. IV, p. 146). The general will is not the will of the majority. The general will is not the sum of all the separate wills of individuals who enter the social contract. It is not majority decision .It is the general will only when it aims at the common good and when it is supported by all citizens of good will. It is a moral, qualitative idea .The general will in action is sovereign. He therefore insisted on the sovereignty of the people, who are united individuals in the general will, because their common interest let them seek for the most suitable form of government and society to fulfil this basic need. Rousseau also argues that sovereignty should be in the hands of the people, he also makes a sharp distinction between sovereignty and government. The government is charged with implementing and enforcing the general will and is composed of a smaller group of citizens Rousseau theory of sovereignty differs obviously from those other political philosophers including Hobbes, Rousseau asserts that the people should exercise sovereignty rather than bend to the whims of an absolute monarch. Common interest of the public could not be preserve and protected of there is no medium of separation of power and check and balance in governing the state. The ideas of Rousseau that he coined in his book of Social Contract would gives an impact on modern form of democratic society based on his understanding of general will and theory of sovereignty would bring us the understanding of the power of people in modern society. His ideas are near to what we have today in understand the good government and democratic society. The importance of the will for Rousseau was not merely social, but also psychological. He knew that men behaved differently in groups than in isolation, but without a perfect knowledge of the inclinations of individuals one could not understand society (ibid.,p. 202). CONCLUSION For Rousseau the object of General Will is the common good not what individuals want for themselves. The common good is taken to be the aim of moral choices. The General Will is the will each person has as a citizen of moral agents. It is not that the common good is what we morally ought to aim at, but that this is what we really want. A person may want something that is not good for him or her. What is good for someone is what he would want if he had complete wisdom. For the General will theory a mans real good is what he really wants although he does not know it. Since the state aims at securing the common good the state or the law is the concrete expression of General Will. We ought ,therefore ,to obey the state, and if we do we are following our real will: the will that is the general or common to all members of the state If an individual does not realise what he really wants and is unwilling to fall into lines ,the state is justified in forcing him to conform .

John Donnes The Sun Rising :: Sun Rising Essays

John Donne's "The Sun Rising" In his poem, "The Sun Rising," Donne immerses the reader into his transmuted reality with an apostrophe to the "busy old fool, unruly sun" that "through curtains" calls upon him, seizing him from the bliss which "no season knows." This bliss, a passionate love, stimulates him to reinvent reality within the confines of his own mind, a wishful thinking from which he does not readily depart, much like a sleepy child clings to the consequences of a dream. In his address to the sun, he bids "the saucy, pedantic wretch" "go chide late schoolboys, and sour prentices," resembling a petulant youth imploring for more time to slumber. His reference to the sun as "saucy" and "pedantic" evinces his aversion to the hindrance that time poses upon his life. The rude, or "saucy" morning intrudes upon his rapture, a punctual reminder that time ceases for nothing and for no one. The speaker then boastfully asserts his power over the sun's rays, stating that "he could eclipse and cloud them with a wink, but that he would not lose her sight so long." This obviously undermines his argument because if it were not for those same beams of light, he would not see his love. Donne surely was aware of the ridiculous nature of this assertion; he appears to be attempting to accentuate the flaws in his argument against the sun, perhaps to emphasize the foolishness of a person in love. He continues this emphasis with his claim that all the riches and nobility the sun has seen "all here in one bed lie." His frivolous praise to his love continues; he declares that he and his mistress are superior not only to the ruler of the sky, but all others as well. "Princes" he sneers "do but play us." He declares that "all honour's mimic" of the reverence he and his love share, that "all wealth alchemy" compared to the splendor of love, and that the sun is but "half as happy" as this couple. It is evident that the speaker is aware of his folly; his foolish, yet eloquent speech is solely for the benefit of his beloved.

Liberal Principles and Minority Rights Essay

Liberal Principles and Minority Rights BY shax0521 We live in a world with differences, biases and hindrances we tend to take into account to be able to cope up with the changes happening around us. These differences could be between races,religion, culture, language, etc. But within a country, these differences also exist. Most countries are composed of diversed culture that divides the society to the majority and the minorities that establishes cultural differences related problems. It is often heard that minorities are deprived from certain freedom and the majority avails most of the best previleges that could e given. Minorities are often Judged by different steoreotypes and prejudices that establishes conflict between the groups. The main point of Prof. Hans Ingvar Roth, head of the sweden research team of the University of Lund in his article â€Å"Liberal Principles and Minority rights,† minority groups particularly in a liberal democratic society should be able to deal with the existing problems confronting their existence and culture in relation to the liberal principles through group-targeted measures. These group-targeted measures will be further explained throughout the article critique. The purpose of this paper is to give a brief summary of Roth’s article Liberal Principles and Minority Rights, what are the liberal principles of a liberal democratic society how it affects the condition of the minorities and my point of view as a reader. It will also tackle the different features of a liberal society, the problems encountered by minorities and the possible solution to the problems. In other words, the life of the minorities in a liberal democratic society. According to Roth, inequalities in modern western societies are faced by the inorities particularly ethnic, racial and religious which sometimes seen to result to discrimination. The minorities are confronted by social, political and cultural inequalities which were percieved to be the consequences as a memberofa liberal democratic society. Moreover, the majority enjoys the benefits and priveleges that were given by the society. In relation to this, to know the reason why these inequalities occur, we must know the grass roots of this condition. Roth stated in his article his definition ofa liberal democratic society. According to him, â€Å"a liberal democratic society is charcterized by the certain institutions or norms that are seen among many of its citizens as essential guidelines for the organization of society. † A liberal democratic society has its liberal principles namely, majoritarian democracy, free moblity, market economy, meritocracy and neutrality. The first principle is the majoritarian democracy or the rule of many . This concept of democracy implies disadvantages to the minorities because literally, it shows how minorities are outnumbered by the majority in terms of their cultural survival. As stated in the article, this idea of democracy have serious consequences for defenseless minorities. Furthermore, another liberal principle which is a burden to minorities is free mobility where people get to move freely without any intent hindrances but it has its limit in reality. Roth expounded it as the ideal of open borders for refugees from non- european countries in contrast to the migration policies implemented on various principle is the easy access of majority population into minority territories that could threaten the cultural survivability of the latter which is also dependent upon its eography. Moreover, the market economy as a principle which assumes freedom of choice that is considered to be the prevailing model for arranging economic activities systems in liberal societies. Roth added that according to many of his critics, the market economy could lead the majority to cultural supremacy over the minorities where the former has more access to important resources that could affect the cultural life of a country. It is considered to be the most efficient among other economic systems. Another liberal principle is meritocracy. According to Roth, merit should administer the appropriation of employment and places in higher education. This implies that the majority will dominate the labour-market of the society and eventually earn the highest ranks in offices. This would result to the alienation of the minorities in any encounter of several forms of higher education because the majority gets the best priveleges they could have in the society. In addition, Roth cited another principle which is neutrality or even-handedness. This occurs when the government doesnt interfere with certain policy decisions uided by religious views or substantial philiosophies of life and this kind of action implies contradiction to relgious minorities and securalism in some way influence the society. The abovementioned principles in any circumstances could stand in conflict with one another. As we have tackled the 5 principles of a liberal democratic society, it is also important to know some features of this kind of society which could have significant consequences on the cultural standing of different minorities in the society. The first feature is lingua franca which refers to having a common language in the society for he people have one language they could use to communicate with each other. Roth stated in his article that the language is an important element for the cultural identity of a group. Eventually, the language of the majority will be the lingua franca due to its long history in the country and the minorities must accept it and use to be able to communicate with others. However, this doesn’t mean that the languages from the minorities cannot be recognized as official languages in significant bailiwick of society such as education or law. Another feature of a liberal democratic society is nation building. Roth referred it as the creation of various institutions, traditions and spheres of society in which it will be affected by the long history of the majority group. In this case, it stresses that even without ethnic or cultural nationalism; the majority culture is advantageous because of its historical standing in the society. According to Roth, cultural preservation of minority groups depend on the members itself. They should have the best interest in maintaining and preserving their culture. A part from Roth’s article tackled about the shared values in the ulticultural debate for minority rights where possessing a secure cultural belonging could be valuable in a way that it is an important condition to an individual well being or it could be a crucial part of a one’s personal identity or as a framework adapting the majority’s culture and integration or affiliate with the majority on the other side. However, they have one common view that minority groups should not face anu unfair or excessive burdens in maintaining their cultures. Furthermore, if a minority group had encountered am intense discrimination from the other groups in he society, they should pay for the serious cultural disadvantage that the minority group faces. In other words, cultural diversity should be reagarded as a valuable objective for the whole society and a shared public responsibility to secure the preservation of the minority culture. However, if a certain minority in question have encountered no grim history of discrimination, and its cultural changes was due to voluntary change of its own members, it conditions become more unclear. The members itself should pay the price of maintaining or preserving their culture given hat they have been attracted to the majority culture. In addition, the majority is not coerced to share a costs of preserving that particular minority. As discussed earlier, there are ethnic and religious minorities in a society and their situation could be less favourable in certain conditions. Roth emphasized in his article that cultural influence by the majority usually occurs to the minorities that live in so-called open agricultural territories, small in size and the history of discrimination. Furthermore, it was stressed that shared language, religion and a istory of discrimination or an idea of geographical location make the minorit group maintain their culture. There are minority groups that prefer to attain independence and others to lower their claims and instead strive for various forms of cultural autonomy. In the entire article, the two main problems of minorities in relation to the liberal principles are cultural preservation and problems of integration. According to him, â€Å"problems of preservation arise when liberal principles such as free mobility and the endorsement of a market economy may threaten a traditional form of community life. Due to the dominance of the majority in terms of size, resources and historical standing, these principles work to their cultural advantage. Furthermore, the practice of having a lingua franca gives more disadvantage to the minorities in terms of preservation of their own language. The abovementioned problems has its group-targeted measures so that the minority culture will survive. These are metaphors â€Å"the fence,† â€Å"the ladder,† â€Å"the springboard† and â€Å"the plane. † With these meaures, there could be a continous existence of minority groups in liberal democratic societies. Through â€Å"the fence† it ould take form of exceptions from laws that burden traditional cultural practices or even property rights that would prevent majority population from buying lands from the minority territories. In addition, Roth used the cultural autonomy with regards to certain forms of legislation such as family as an example of a fence which protects the minority from being influenced by the family customs of the majority. Another measure is â€Å"the ladder† wherein group representation should be practiced by religious and ethnic groups in order to have a level of representation in the society. This metaphor can neutralize and attenuate unfair thresholds or hindrances such as blind spots, various forms of animosity, stereotypes and nepotism. To be able to gain entrance in the main sphere of society in spite of the diminish this hindrances in the remote future. The first measure or method is called â€Å"the springboard† that would present opportunities to minorities such as labour market and higher education in instances that they face discrimination and prJudices in the society. According to Roth, the springboard is not enough for minorities to be able to enter to such society that is hy â€Å"the plane† was created. It is considered to be the supplementary method of the springboard. It aims to alter engrained and stubborn attitudes and habits among the majority population through information campaigns and cross-cultural meeting places. From what I understand in the Roth’s article, inequalities of minorities in the society are caused by the liberal principles. I agree on it due to the different situations presented in the article. These principles namely majoritarian democracy, free mobility, meritocracy, market economy and neutrality are advantageous to the ajority population and affect the minority’s cultural preservation. The article’s premises are still valid according to the current situations in most western countries. His interpretation of the evidences presented were likely to lead us to the same conclusion that the liberal principles should be improved rather than to replace them with something different in order to solve such inequalities in such society. His arguments regarding the disadvantages of the minorities in the society such as the lingua franca where the majority’s language will be the official language of the ociety and meritocracy where the majority gets the highest ranks in the offices had the biggest impact to me which I agree on. If we compare it to the philippines, a non- liberal democratic country but compose of a majority and minorities, due to the geographical boundary and size of population of christians with tagalog as their language is considered to be the official language of the country, officially called as â€Å"Filipino’ and in terms of meritocracy, the muslims as a minority experience biases regarding employment in government and other fields of offices because of different stereotypes, prejudices and discrimination.